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接上文，以下为澳洲瓶装水协会，洛杉矶水利部门，美国FDA 和国际癌症研究所的相关文章。
http://shi310.blogbus.com/logs/22356693.html
来自澳洲瓶装水协会 http://www.bottledwater.org.au/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=ASP0003/ccms.r?PageId=10009
BROMATE
The bromide ion is a natural and harmless element found in some bottled water source waters that, when exposed to the disinfection process of ozonation, may form a byproduct called bromate. Not all source waters for bottled and other water contain the bromide ion and, therefore, will not undergo conversion to bromate when ozonated. As important, not all finished waters contain bromate, even if the source water contained the bromide ion.
The level of bromate that may form in water depends on the concentration of bromide in the source water, the amount of ozone contact time, and a variety of water chemistry factors including pH, organic material, hardness and alkalinity.
Ozonation is one aspect of a multi-barrier approach used to help ensure the safety and quality of bottled water products. Ozonation is often preferred over chlorination to disinfect water because it does not leave a residual taste, color or odor in the water. While chlorination is primarily used for disinfection in public water systems in the U.S., a number of U.S. public water systems use ozone. Ozonation has been used extensively for public water utilities in Europe and the USA for many years.
The National Health & Medical Research Council's (NH&MRC) Guidelines for drinking Water recommend a maximum residue for bromate in tap water of 2 parts per billion. It must be noted that these are guidelines only and not regulatory standards that mujst be adhered to. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) the scientific body with the primary responsibility for all food and beverages has not considered bromate in bottled water as apossible risk for humans.
In fact, there is no actual evidence that exposure to bromate in drinking water presents a health risk to humans. Because of the very conservative way the NH&MRC conducted its risk evaluation for bromate, there may be no actual health risk to humans from bromate in drinking water. There are no studies indicating that ingestion of bromate in water has caused adverse health effects in humans.
ABWI has supported an application currently with Food Standards Australia New Zealand to limit any bromate residue to 2 ppb. That is to the NH&MRC guideline. This has been done to ensure that the public can continue to have complete confidence in the quality and safety of bottled water in spite of the lack of scientific evidence that bromate poses any risk to humans.
Questions and Answers on Bromate in Bottled Water
What are the health effects?
There is no actual evidence that exposure to bromate in drinking water presents a health risk to humans. Because of the very conservative way EPA conducted its risk evaluation for bromate, there may be no actual health risk to humans from bromate in drinking water.
Is it unsafe to drink water containing bromate?
No. Although EPA has estimated a cancer potency value for bromate, the health protective methods used to determine cancer potency mean that the true risk is likely to be lower than predicted and could even be zero (0). There are no studies indicating that bromate in drinking water has caused adverse health effects in humans.
Should I stop drinking water with bromate?
Consumers should not be alarmed about the presence of bromate in water. If the presence of bromate were an imminent health risk, EPA would not have allowed public water systems up to five years to meet the new standards. As well, FDA would have moved much more quickly to adopt a bromate standard for bottled water, had there been any immediate risk of adverse health affects. Further, both EPA and FDA have set bromate standards for public drinking water and bottled water, respectively, and the benefits of water consumption outweigh the minimal - possibly zero - risk of consuming water that adheres to the bromate and other standards.
The Australasian Bottled Water Institute Inc. (ABWI) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1963, Media inquiries can be directed to Tony Gentile Ph: +61(0)2 9662 2844 E-mail: gentile@bottledwater.org.au
FDA to recall more bottled water in bromate scare （http://www.beveragedaily.com/news/ng.asp?n=70089-bromate-bottled-water-fda）
24-Aug-2006 - America's food safety watchdog is expected to announce the recall of several bottled water drinks, thought to contain cancer-causing bromate above the legal limit in the US, BeverageDaily.com has learned.
The recall is expected to involve a range of private label bottled waters taken from the Springbrook Springs source in Concord, New York, including water sold by the TopCo co-operative under its Food Club brand.Long-term exposure to bromate may increase consumers' risk of cancer, according to the US government's Environmental Protection Agency.
The news comes only a couple of weeks after upmarket US retailer Wegmans recalled its Food You Feel Good About Spring Water because of bromate.
Company tests confirmed some drinks contained bromate up to two-and-a-half times the level considered safe by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Wegmans, which also uses the Springbrook Springs source, was alerted to the problem with its water by an independent lab, which claimed it found bromate levels in the drink at 27 and 28 parts per billion (ppb). The FDA maximum is 10ppb.
That same lab said it found a similar problem with some other bottled waters, including TopCo's Food Club, using the same source.
FDA scientists have been investigating the problem, and several retailers are thought to be involved.
Wegmans had warned rivals to be on their guard after its own recall. "It does not affect other brands sold at Wegmans, but it does affect other brands produced by the same supplier for other retailers," the group said.
The FDA has so far declined to comment on the issue, but an announcement is expected soon. The companies involved were also unable to comment at the time of publishing.
There is thought to be no immediate risk to consumers' health.
The issue throws up yet another problem for drinks makers after revelations about benzene in soft drinks earlier this year.
The man behind the independent lab tests for bromate in water was lawyer Ross Getman, the same man who first alerted the FDA to the continuing presence of benzene in some soft drinks.
He praised Wegmans for its speedy response over bromate. "Wegmans has demonstrated how a responsible corporation acts in connection with consumer health."
Bromate is formed in water when ozone and bromide ions react together. The chances of bromate in water are higher when ozone is used as a disinfectant for mineral water, and especially in the presence of calcium chloride, which is a bromide derivative.
Guidelines on how to avoid bromate in water have been published by the International Ozone Association.
DWP To Drain 2 Reservoirs After Potentially Harmful Chemical Found(http://www.knbc.com/news/14858647/detail.html )
POSTED: 3:15 pm PST December 14, 2007UPDATED: 4:47 pm PST December 14, 2007LOS ANGELES -- The Department of Water and Power plans to drain the Silver Lake and Elysian reservoirs following the discovery of a chemical compound known to have adverse health effects after long-term exposure, utility officials announced Friday. DWP officials said they became aware of unusually high levels of bromate in the two reservoirs during the first week of October. They said the reservoirs were immediately taken out of service, and the water contained in them was not distributed to customers. "The Department of Water and Power, which is in charge of (the city's) supply, is vigilant and will even go to an overabundance of caution in dealing with the water supply," DWP General Manager David Nahai said.
"Even though other strategies might be available to make this water usable for potable services, we are going to err on the side of caution and not use it at all." Nahai said that despite the bromate discovery, the water supply is safe. The Elysian Reservoir's 50 million gallons of water could be used to irrigate parts of Elysian Park. Ideally, the utility wants to pump half of the Silver Lake Reservoir's 550 million gallons into the Hollywood Reservoir to be used in the event of a major disaster, said Martin L. Adams, director of the DWP's Water Quality and Operations. "It's not going to be easy to do it, but if we can, that would be a great place to put a lot of the water, and that would mean that we would not have to put other water in there in the future to refill the reservoir, so it'd be a way to make real beneficial use of the water," Adams said. As a last resort, the water could be dumped in the Los Angeles River, Adams said. The reservoirs will be drained and cleaned in the next two months. The bromate discovery comes at a time when Southern California is facing a potential water shortage. DWP officials said the situation does not have an adverse impact on the city's water supply because demand tends to be lower during the winter months. The 600 million gallons of contaminated water is enough for 4,000 families to use over the course of a year or for the entire city to use in just one day. "For us, every drop is priceless, but it isn't going to significantly disrupt supplies," Nahai said. The challenge for the utility is to have the reservoirs fully operational again by June 1. It will cost the $660,000 and $980,000 to replace the water in the two reservoirs. Bromate, a known carcinogen, usually forms when bromide is purified using ozone, a method used at filtration plants. In the case of the Silver Lake and Elysian reservoirs, however, a combination of bromide from well water, chlorine and sunlight mixed to form bromate. This is the first time a connection has been made between chloride, sunlight and bromate, according to DWP officials. The city's reservoirs typically show levels of bromate at 6 parts per billion. In October, those levels rose to 40 to 60 parts per billion. According to the state Department of Public Health, bromate levels should reach at least 200 parts per billion before adverse health effects are seen. Los Angeles has four other open-air reservoirs -- Los Angeles, Upper Stone Canyon, Santa Ynez and Ivanhoe. None of those were found to have elevated levels of bromate.<a href="http://ad.doubleclick.net/jump/ibs.la.news/national;kw=news+square+14858647;ad=true;pgtype=detail;tile=6;sz=300x250;ord=123456789?"><img src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/ibs.la.news/national;kw=news+square+14858647;ad=true;pgtype=detail;tile=6;sz=300x250;ord=123456789?" BORDER="0" ALT="sponsor" WIDTH="300" HEIGHT="250" /></A>
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Summaries & Evaluations
http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol73/73-17.html
POTASSIUM BROMATE
(Group 2B)
For definition of Groups, see Preamble Evaluation.VOL.: 73 (1999) (p. 481)
Chem. Abstr. No.: 7758-01-2
Chem. Abstr. Name: Bromic acid, potassium salt5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
5.1 Exposure dataExposure to potassium bromate may occur during its production and use as a dough conditioner and food additive. Bromate may also be found in some drinking-water samples as a by-product of ozone disinfection.
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
No data were available to the Working Group.
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data
Potassium bromate has been tested by oral administration in several studies in rats and in one study each in mice and hamsters. In rats, it produced renal tubular tumours (adenomas and carcinomas) and thyroid follicular tumours in animals of each sex and peritoneal mesotheliomas in males. In mice, it produced a low incidence of renal tubular tumours in males. In hamsters, the incidence of renal tubular tumours was marginally increased. Potassium bromate did not increase tumour incidence in bioassays in newborn rats and mice, but it enhanced the induction of kidney tumours by N-nitrosoethylhydroxyethylamine in several experiments.
5.4 Other relevant data
No data were available on the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of potassium bromate in humans, and limited information was available on rats. Bromate was found to be rapidly absorbed in rats and eliminated (or degraded).
A number of case reports of acute poisoning by potassium bromate have been reported. Potassium bromate is highly toxic. It produces lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in rat kidney. There is also evidence that it increases the amount of a 2u-globulin in male rat kidney. The available data, including evidence of genetic toxicity, indicate, however, that potassium bromate causes renal tumours through a mechanism involving oxidative damage.
No data were available on the developmental and reproductive effects of potassium bromate. Howwever, in a single, short-term assay to screen for reproductive toxicity, involving exposure of male and female rats to sodium bromate before and during gestation, no developmental toxicity was observed. A decrease in epididymal sperm concentration was found in males.
No data were available on the genetic and related effects of potassium bromate in humans. It is genotoxic in experimental systems in vivo and in rodent cells in vitro. No conclusion could be drawn with respect to its mutagenicity to bacteria.
5.5 Evaluation
There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of potassium bromate.
There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of potassium bromate.
Overall evaluation
Potassium bromate is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
For definition of the italicized terms, see Preamble Evaluation.Previous evaluations: Vol. 40 (1986); Suppl. 7 (1987) (p. 70)
Last updated: 30 September 1999
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